RHEL5——指Redhat Enterprise Linux 5.0,本文档默认采用的是5.4版。同样适用于CentOS 5系列。已经测试过的版本RHEL5.4, CentOS5.6。
安装环境配置
Oracle 11g需要最少1G物理内存,建议>2G
在32位系统中进行安装时默认只认识3G内存,需要安装带有PAE的内核,在rhel的安装盘中有。
操作系统安装
使用默认安装选项(其实默认安装挺讨厌,安装了好多在这里用不到的软件,如:OpenOffice等)。如果是CentOS/Redhat 6请选择“Minimal”选项。
交换分区至少1G,使用如下命令检查
# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
网络配置
1)在/etc/hosts文件中添加一个完整的host记录,格式如下
<IP-address> <fully-qualified-machine-name> <machine-name/alias> 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost 192.168.1.30 ora11g.dev.openzones.org ora11g
注意:127.0.0.1不能缺少否则,lsnrctl start不能成功执行,hostname对应的ip要是正确的。Listener会在由主机名翻译到的地址上建立侦听。
2)修改主机名 修改/etc/sysconfig/network中的主机名为
HOSTNAME=ora11g.dev.openzones.org
使用hostname临时修改主机名(下次启动将从/etc/sysconfig/network读取)
# hostname ora11g.dev.openzones.org
注意:安装完oracle后不要修改主机名称。否则oracle将不能正常启动。
安全配置
1)更新操作系统
安装完成后,建议先对操作系统进行更新(如果不想更新或者没有外网可以跳过此步骤)
# yum update
2)selinux
修改/etc/selinux/config以关闭selinux,修改文件中的SELINUX=disabled(需要重新启动才可以生效),使用setenforce 0来临时关闭selinux(下次启动将从/etc/selinux/config读取)
3)防火墙设置
[CentOS/RHEL 5]
# iptables -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 1521 -j ACCEPT # iptables -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 1158 -j ACCEPT # iptables -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 5901 -j ACCEPT
[CentOS/RHEL 6]
# iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 1521 -j ACCEPT # iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 1158 -j ACCEPT # iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 5901 -j ACCEPT
保存防火墙配置
# /etc/init.d/iptables save
也可以人工修改文件/etc/sysconfig/iptables使用/etc/init.d/iptables restart使配置生效。
注意:添加的记录要放到COMMIT和下面内容之前,否则将不能连接到Oracle数据库
-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
修改内核参数
需要设置如下linux参数,如果操作系统中已经设置的值大于如下设置请保留系统设置。 kernel.shmall、kernel.shmmni 和kernel.shmmax在rhel5中默认已经定义并且符合要求,如果你需要的值大于系统中默认的设置请修改,下面参数针对rhel5u4版本中的值。
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 kernel.shmmni = 4096 fs.file-max = 6815744 fs.aio-max-nr=1048576 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 EOF
使设置生效
/sbin/sysctl -p
确认设置
/sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max
依赖的软件包安装
Oracle将需要如下包的支持,如果方便的话建议使用Yum进行安装,这种方式比起CD方式要简单不易出错。
使用RPM命令从CD/DVD安装
可以是如下命令查看包的安装情况
# rpm -q compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel glibc glibc-devel glibc-common gcc gcc-c++ kernel-headers libgcc libaio libaio-devel libstdc++ libstdc++-devel unixODBC unixODBC-devel sysstat binutils make
如果是按照rhel5默认安装将还有如下包需要安装
- compat-libstdc++-33
- elfutils-libelf-devel
- glibc-devel-2.5
- gcc
- gcc-c++
- libaio-devel
- libstdc++-devel
- unixODBC
- unixODBC-devel
- sysstat
如果是使用CD盘来安装使用下面命令(在光盘的Server目录),如果是DVD盘,不用换盘,更为方便。
CD2:
# rpm -ivh elfutils-libelf* # rpm -ivh kernel-headers* glibc-devel-2* glibc-headers-2* gcc-4* libgomp-4* gcc-c++-4* libstdc++-devel-4*
CD3:
# rpm -ivh unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.x86_64.rpm unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.x86_64.rpm # rpm -ivh libaio-devel* sysstat*
注:如果显示某些包已经安装,其命令行后面的安装将被终止,需要逐个安装或者添加--force参数。
可以是如下命令查看包的安装情况
# rpm -q compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel glibc glibc-devel glibc-common gcc gcc-c++ kernel-headers libgcc libaio libaio-devel libstdc++ libstdc++-devel unixODBC unixODBC-devel sysstat binutils make
[CentOS 5u4]
CentOS 5u4中默认安装还缺少compat-libstdc++-33 和pdksh-5.2.14-36需要添加:
# rpm -ivh compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-61.x86_64.rpm # rpm -ivh pdksh-*.rpm
使用YUM安装
通过yum命令可以从网络或者光盘进行安装。
# yum install compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel glibc glibc-devel glibc-common gcc gcc-c++ kernel-headers libgcc libaio libaio-devel libstdc++ libstdc++-devel unixODBC unixODBC-devel sysstat binutils make
【CentOS 5】
# yum install libgomp pdksh
【CentOS 6】
# yum install libgomp mksh ksh
如果是从光盘安装而不是网络,如果光盘的挂载路径不是/media/CentOS或者/media/cdrom请挂载连接光盘到这两个路径之一如下:
# ln -s /media/CentOS_5.4_Final /media/CentOS
然后需要在yum中带上如下参数:
# yum --disablerepo=\* --enablerepo=c5-media <所需软件包>
用户配置
创建用户和组
/usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall /usr/sbin/groupadd dba /usr/sbin/groupadd oper /usr/sbin/useradd -m -g oinstall -G dba,oper oracle id oracle passwd oracle
创建和初始化安装目录
注意:如果直接安装在oracle用户目录省略这个步骤。
Oracle Base目录
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle chmod -R 755 /u01/app/oracle
Oracle Home目录
Oracle Inventory目录
mkdir -p /u01/app/oraInventory chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oraInventory chmod -R 755 /u01/app/oraInventory
配置shell限制
配置用户资源限制策略
cat >> /etc/security/limits.conf <<EOF # For Oracle User oracle soft nproc 2047 oracle hard nproc 16384 oracle soft nofile 1024 oracle hard nofile 65536 EOF
使用户资源限制策略生效,32位系统中为/lib,64位系统中为/lib64目录或者不使用全路径,只写pam_limits.so;如果在64位系统中配置为32位系统模块路径会引起不能在本机登录的错误(远程SSH可以)。
cat >> /etc/pam.d/login <<EOF session required pam_limits.so EOF
Change the default profile for bash and ksh as well as the default login script for cshell.
cat >> /etc/profile <<EOF if [ \$USER = "oracle" ]; then if [ \$SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then ulimit -p 16384 ulimit -n 65536 else ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536 fi umask 022 fi EOF
cat >> /etc/csh.login <<EOF if ( \$USER == "oracle" ) then limit maxproc 16384 limit descriptors 65536 umask 022 endif EOF
设置环境变量
在.bash_profile添加环境设置
# su - oracle $ vi ~/.bash_profile # For Oracle11g export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1 export ORACLE_SID=cbox export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/usr/lib export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8
注意:不要使用cat来建立文件,它会展开变量。
安装步骤
1) 解压缩安装包
以oracle身份登录系统将压缩包放入/home/oracle目录,其他目录也可以,只要目录的拥有者为orale.oinstall即可。
$ su - oracle $ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip $ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
2) 如果是远程安装环境配置
VNC方式
$ vncserver
注意:如果不使用Gnome界面可以不执行以下步骤。
$ vncserver -kill :1 $ vi ~/.vnc/xstartup # Uncomment the following two lines for normal desktop: unset SESSION_MANAGER exec /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ... $ vncserver
X11-Forward方式
默认X11-Forward是开启的,只需要在客户机上安装X-Server即可返回服务器端界面,推荐使用Xming
3) 执行安装 注意:CentOS/Redhat 6.x中使用的是ksh而不是pdksh,安装过程中依赖检查时忽略就行了。
$ cd database $ ./runInstaller Step 1 Installation Option: Install database software only Step 2 Grid Options: Single instance database Installation Step 3 Product Languages: Select Languages(English, Simplified Chinese) Step 4 Database Edition: Enterprise Edition Step 5 Installation Location: Oracle Base(/opt/usr/oracle/app), Software Location(/opt/usr/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1) Step 6 Create Inventory: Inventory Directory(/opt/usr/oracle/oraInventory), oraInventory Group Name(oinstall) Step 7 Operation System Groups: Database Administrator Group(dba), Database Operator Group(oinstall) # /opt/usr/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh # /opt/usr/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh $ netca Step 1 Choose the configuration you would like to do : Listener configuration Step 2 Select you want to do : Add Step 3 Listener Name: LISTENER Step 4 Selected Protocols: TCP Step 5 Use the standard port number of 1521 $ dbca Step 1 Select the operation that you want to perform: Create a Database Step 2 default Step 3 Global Database Name(), SID() Step 4 default Step 5 Use the Same Administrative Password for All Accounts Step 6 default Step 7 default Step 8 default Step 9 Character Sets: Use Unicode(AL32UTF-8), National Character Set(UTF-8), Default Language(Simplified Chinese), Default Territory(China)
启动设置
设置为Oracle自动启动
检查/etc/oratab配置
# vi /etc/oratab ... cbox:/opt/usr/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1:Y …
编制启动脚本(方法一)
在rc.local中加入启动脚本
# vi /etc/rc.local su - oracle -lc ${ORACLE_HOME}/bin/dbstart ${ORACLE_HOME}
建立系统服务(方法二)
# vi /etc/init.d/ora11g #!/bin/bash # chkconfig: 345 80 05 # description: starts the oracle dabase deamons # ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1 ORACLE_OWNER=oracle ORACLE_DESC="Oracle 11g" ORACLE_LOCK=/var/lock/subsys/ora11g SU=/bin/su case "$1" in 'start') echo -n \"Starting ${ORACLE_DESC}:\" $SU - $ORACLE_OWNER -c '$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME' $SU - $ORACLE_OWNER -c '$ORACLE_HOME/bin/emctl start dbconsole' touch ${ORACLE_LOCK} echo ;; 'stop') echo -n "shutting down ${ORACLE_DESC}: " $SU - $ORACLE_OWNER -c '$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut $ORACLE_HOME' rm -f ${ORACLE_LOCK} echo ;; 'restart') echo -n "restarting ${ORACLE_DESC}:" $0 stop $0 start echo ;; *) echo "usage: $0 { start | stop | restart }" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # chmod +x /etc/init.d/ora11g # /sbin/chkconfig --level 345 ora11g on
安装测试
打开em控制台 https://192.168.1.30:1158/em 注意:建议安装完成后进行重启测试保证数据库可以自动启动。
常见问题
防火墙配置问题
如果你的防火墙配置文件/etc/sysconfig/iptables中存在如下条目请注释掉。
#-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
内核参数配置问题
Oracle11g提供安装过程中的参数修复。
[root@xen-01 ~]# /tmp/CVU_11.2.0.1.0_oracle/runfixup.sh Response file being used is :/tmp/CVU_11.2.0.1.0_oracle/fixup.response Enable file being used is :/tmp/CVU_11.2.0.1.0_oracle/fixup.enable Log file location: /tmp/CVU_11.2.0.1.0_oracle/orarun.log Setting Kernel Parameters... kernel.shmmax = 536870912 The value for semopm in response file is not greater than value for semopm in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 fs.file-max = 6815744 The value for file-max in response file is not greater than value for file-max in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. fs.file-max = 6815744 The upper limit of ip_local_port range in reponse file is not greater than value in /etc/sysctl.conf, hence not changing it. net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default=4194304 The value for rmem_default in response file is not greater than value for rmem_default in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_default=262144 The value for wmem_default in response file is not greater than value for wmem_default in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max=4194304 The value for rmem_max in response file is not greater than value for rmem_max in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_max=1048576 The value for wmem_max in response file is not greater than value for wmem_max in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 fs.aio-max-nr=1048576 The value for aio-max-nr in response file is not greater than value for aio-max-nr in /etc/sysctl.conf file. Hence not changing it. fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
库依赖问题
CentOS 6库依赖
# yum install ksh mksh (用于解决pdksh依赖问题)
其余的忽略,因为已经有新的版本。
libXext.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
一般是在64位系统中安装时出现的32位库依赖问题问题。
[oracle@db01 databaes] ./runInstaller [oracle@db01 database]$ Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /tmp/OraInstall2012-12-21_04-18-54PM/jdk/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so: libXext.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1647) at java.lang.Runtime.load0(Runtime.java:769) at java.lang.System.load(System.java:968) at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1668) at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:822) at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:993) at sun.security.action.LoadLibraryAction.run(LoadLibraryAction.java:50) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.awt.Toolkit.loadLibraries(Toolkit.java:1509) at java.awt.Toolkit.<clinit>(Toolkit.java:1530) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.isLowResolution(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.<clinit>(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.plastic.PlasticLookAndFeel.<clinit>(PlasticLookAndFeel.java:122) at java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:242) at javax.swing.SwingUtilities.loadSystemClass(SwingUtilities.java:1783) at javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.java:480) at oracle.install.commons.util.Application.startup(Application.java:758) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:164) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:181) at oracle.install.commons.base.driver.common.Installer.startup(Installer.java:265) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.startup(DBInstaller.java:114) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.main(DBInstaller.java:132)
解决办法:
# yum install libXext.i686
启动Lisnter问题
Lisnter配置文件位置:$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/
配置文件名称:listener.ora,tnsnames.ora
启动超时
[oracle@gps ~]$ lsnrctl start LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 14-DEC-2011 05:28:54 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Starting /home/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait... TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production System parameter file is /home/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora Log messages written to /home/oracle/app/diag/tnslsnr/gps/listener/alert/log.xml Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=gps.railwaypolice.com)(PORT=1521))) Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=74.86.197.160-static.reverse.softlayer.com)(PORT=1521))) TNS-12535: TNS:operation timed out TNS-12560: TNS:protocol adapter error TNS-00505: Operation timed out Linux Error: 110: Connection timed out [oracle@gps ~]$
在/etc/hosts中添加主机名称的正确解析
ORA-12505、ORA-12514问题
修改$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora文件内容 添加如下服务:
LISTENER所侦听的数据库
SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME = cbox) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1) (SID_NAME = cbox) ) )
LISTENER对应的服务器
LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = ora11g.dev.iotlabs.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) )
重新加载侦听配置
$ lsnrctl reload
查看侦听状态
$ lsnrctl status
连接超时问题
当产生从本机可以连接,而从外部机器连接超时,一般有一下几项检查:
1)检查防火墙配置,看从外部是否可以telnet数据库主机的1521端口;
2)是否配置了不能访问到的DNS服务器,检查/etc/resolv.conf中的nameserver项(可以没有);建议对oracle主机在/etc/hosts中添加主机名称和ip对应关系。
3)主机的解析顺序是否正确,检查/etc/host.conf文件中的内容,正确一般为hosts优先。 order hosts,bind
其它问题
ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system
这个问题是由于设置SGA的大小超过了操作系统/dev/shm的大小,修改后就可解决:
1)查看修改前大小
# df -k /dev/shm
2)永久修改shm大小
# vi /etc/fstab tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,size=10G 0 0 # umount /dev/shm && mount /dev/shm or # mount -o remount /dev/shm
3)查看修改后大小
# df -k /dev/shm
4)临时修复大小
# mount -o remount,size=10G /dev/shm